A new governmental structure was created for Paris known as the Commune, headed by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, former president of the Assembly. The result of the French Revolution was the end of the monarchy. The Council of 500 was responsible for drafting legislation, which was reviewed and approved by the Council of Ancients, an upper house containing 250 men over the age of 40. The peasants, many of whom owned land, had attained an improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings. Many feared their own survival depended on Robespierre's removal; during a meeting on 29 June, three members of the Committee of Public Safety called him a dictator in his face. [10], Transnational elites who shared ideas and styles were not new; what changed was their extent and the numbers involved. Especially for women living in rural areas of France, the closing of the churches meant a loss of normalcy.[181]. The revolution ended in … They sternly reminded women to stay home and tend to their families by leaving public affairs to the men. The Declaration of Independence Was A Template For The French. They exposed the inefficiency of the monarch and his government and aroused the … Those arrested in the provinces were now sent to Paris for judgement; from March to July, executions in Paris increased from five to twenty-six a day. Pope Pius VI and many French Catholics objected to this since it denied the authority of the Pope over the French Church. [155], Fighting continued for two reasons; first, French state finances had come to rely on indemnities levied on their defeated opponents. However, France's biggest challenge was servicing the huge public debt inherited from the former regime, which continued to expand due to the war. Updates? It abolished the guild system as a worthless remnant of feudalism. The definition of the French Revolution is an uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the establishment of France as a republic. [89], Popular anger increased when details of the Brunswick Manifesto reached Paris on 1 August; issued by the Prussian commander, it threatened the capital with 'unforgettable vengeance' should any oppose steps to restore the power of the monarchy. Jack R. Censer, "Historians Revisit the Terror – Again". Initially financed by sales of confiscated property, this was hugely inefficient; since few would buy assets that might be repossessed, fiscal stability could only be achieved by continuing the war until French counter-revolutionaries had been defeated. It is uncertain, however, whether revolution would have come without the added presence of a political crisis. [236][237], The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution, with no direct contact. Mounier, supported by conservatives like Gérard de Lally-Tollendal, wanted a bicameral system, with an upper house appointed by the king, who would have the right of veto. An Austro-Prussian army invaded France, and French revolutionary forces pushed outward. [128] By April 1795, people were starving and the assignat was worth only 8% of its face value; in desperation, the Parisian poor rose again. [12] Inefficient agricultural methods meant domestic farmers could not support these numbers, while primitive transportation networks made it hard to maintain supplies even when there was sufficient. He was executed on 28 July with 19 colleagues, including Saint-Just and Georges Couthon, followed by 83 members of the Commune. As long as the generals and their armies stayed away from Paris, they were happy to allow them to continue fighting, a key factor behind sanctioning Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt. Although those numbers have been challenged, François Furet concluded it "not only revealed massacre and destruction on an unprecedented scale, but a zeal so violent that it has bestowed as its legacy much of the region's identity. Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp increases in food prices caused by years of bad harvests. The news brought crowds of protestors into the streets, and the elite Gardes Françaises regiment refused to disperse them. People increasingly refused to pay taxes and the annual government deficit increased from 10% of gross national product in 1789 to 64% in 1793. [18] However, neither the level of French state debt in 1788, or its previous history, can be considered an explanation for the outbreak of revolution in 1789. In North America this backlash caused the American Revolution, which began with the refusal to pay a tax imposed by the king of Great Britain. He was met by Bailly and accepted a tricolore cockade to loud cheers. After the beginning of the French Revolution, the surrounding monarchies did not show great hostility towards the rebellion. It proceeded in a back-and-forth process between revolutionary and reactionary forces. The first concerned émigrés; between October and November, the Assembly approved measures confiscating their property and threatening them with the death penalty. "The World Revolution of the West: 1763–1801,", McPhee, Peter. [207], The revolutionary government seized charitable foundations that had been set up (starting in the 13th century) to provide an annual stream of revenue for hospitals, poor relief, and education. [68] Widespread refusal led to further legislation against the clergy, many of whom were forced into exile, deported, or executed. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the First French Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. The French Revolution has received enormous amounts of historical attention, both from the general public and from scholars and academics. The Birth of Ideologies. On 30 September, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, and the Legislative Assembly convened the next day. The revolution marks a turning point in France history and in world history in general. Ten years to improve collection of revenues and reduce costs French colonies a plea for reform and moderation, the... 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